{"what_this_is":"The machine-readable twin of the BankPulse page for one RBI rulebook. Same points, same dates, same paragraph references as the page a person reads. RBI's own wording is not reproduced here: each point names the RBI paragraph, the character offset into the text BankPulse read and the sha256 of that text, so the claim can be checked against RBI's own document.","schema_version":1,"release_id":"d653cdb0a5","generated_at":"2026-09-15T00:33:59.117975+00:00","id":"md12973","title":"Reserve Bank of India (All India Financial Institutions – Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning) Directions, 2025 (Updated as on July 01, 2026)","document_kind":"Directions","page":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973","status":"In force","importance":{"code":"MR","label":"MUST READ","weight":"Must read","why":"Binding RBI Directions naming this institution class in the title","layer":"bankpulse_inference"},"applies_to":{"shown":"All India financial institutions","class_code":"AIFI","from":"the document's own title","layer":"bankpulse_inference"},"dates":{"prid":"md12973","mode":"four_dates_v1","published":{"label":"Published","value":"Nov 28, 2025","stated":true,"why":"The day RBI put this document out."},"effective":{"label":"Starts to apply","value":"","stated":false,"why":"Not stated separately in this document. Read the rule itself before you assume a start date."},"transition":{"label":"Time to get ready","value":"","stated":false,"why":"Cannot be worked out until the day it starts to apply is known."},"deadline":{"label":"Last date to act","value":"","stated":false,"why":"No date to act by was found in this document. Other dates may sit inside single paragraphs."},"sources":{"published":"doc_date in data/highlights/md12973.json","effective":"none held","transition":"none held","deadline":"none held"}},"rbi_source":{"url":"https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_ViewMasDirections.aspx?id=12973","document_date":"Nov 28, 2025","read_by_bankpulse":"2026-08-21 16:20:23 UTC","text_sha256":"65cb0ed2acd83e1f4b11c133b0c316cab5a8486aee8e74282c56a3f8cc5b379a","word_count":9932,"standing_last_checked":"Standing checked on RBI’s Master Directions index, 15 September 2026, 5:58 am IST."},"counts":{"points_shown":36,"points_naming_an_rbi_paragraph":36,"points_stored":36,"actions":0,"amendments":2},"points":[{"n":1,"claim":"md12973-4789a89a","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Bad loan norms","plain_english":"This paper sets when a loan turns bad for all India financial institutions.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 1","rbi_char_offset":4656,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p1","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":2,"claim":"md12973-1840df20","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"KEY DATES","heading":"Start date","plain_english":"These Directions came into effect on the day RBI issued them.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 2","rbi_char_offset":4842,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p2","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":3,"claim":"md12973-0ce91fc2","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"WHO IT APPLIES TO","heading":"Who is covered","plain_english":"These Directions apply to every all India financial institution.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 3","rbi_char_offset":4907,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p3","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":4,"claim":"md12973-f8b56d7a","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"WHO SHOULD ACT","heading":"Restructured accounts follow that book","plain_english":"Restructured accounts follow the stressed assets rules for income and grading.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 4","rbi_char_offset":5334,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p4","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":5,"claim":"md12973-e701b298","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Overdue means unpaid on time","plain_english":"Any sum not paid on its due date is overdue.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 5(7)","rbi_char_offset":6689,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p5","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":6,"claim":"md12973-8f231aa4","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"What the cover ratio shows","plain_english":"The provision cover ratio is provisions against gross bad loans.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 5(8)","rbi_char_offset":6827,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p6","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":7,"claim":"md12973-35b151a8","page_group":"Chapter I. 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Preliminary","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Wilful defaulter defined elsewhere","plain_english":"A wilful defaulter has the meaning given in the wilful defaulters rules.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 5(13)","rbi_char_offset":7594,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p9","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":10,"claim":"md12973-6af5cf48","page_group":"Chapter I. Preliminary","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Property terms defined elsewhere","plain_english":"Commercial real estate and project finance take their meaning from the lending rules.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 8","rbi_char_offset":8372,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":["commercial-real-estate","infrastructure-finance"],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p10","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":1,"claim":"md12973-e8be4b91","page_group":"Chapter II. General Instructions","stored_section":"KEY DATES","heading":"Value big collateral triennially","plain_english":"Property held against a bad loan of ₹5 crore or more is valued once in three years.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 16","rbi_char_offset":11591,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p11","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":2,"claim":"md12973-454f4c88","page_group":"Chapter II. General Instructions","stored_section":"WHO SHOULD ACT","heading":"Board must act on quality","plain_english":"The Board must take every step to stop asset quality falling.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 11","rbi_char_offset":9649,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Board","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p12","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":3,"claim":"md12973-968dbcba","page_group":"Chapter II. General Instructions","stored_section":"WHO SHOULD ACT","heading":"Fit schedule to cash flow","plain_english":"Repayment dates must be set from the borrower's real cash flow.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 12","rbi_char_offset":10040,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p13","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":4,"claim":"md12973-17e63c7e","page_group":"Chapter II. General Instructions","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Name the repayment start","plain_english":"Where there is a moratorium, the loan agreement must name the exact repayment start date.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 13(3)","rbi_char_offset":10959,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p14","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":5,"claim":"md12973-f9423d0a","page_group":"Chapter II. General Instructions","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Disclose in the notes","plain_english":"The position must be shown in the notes to the accounts.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 19","rbi_char_offset":12981,"weight":"DO IT","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p15","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":1,"claim":"md12973-29e0e7ac","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Thirty days makes SMA-1","plain_english":"An account overdue for thirty days is tagged SMA-1 at that day's run.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 24","rbi_char_offset":15130,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":"An instalment falls due on 1 September and is not paid. The account is tagged SMA-1 when 30 days of continuous overdue are complete. That is at the day-end run on 1 October.","anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p16","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":2,"claim":"md12973-849dccd7","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Sixty days makes SMA-2","plain_english":"An account overdue past SMA-1 is tagged SMA-2 at the next month's day-end run.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 24","rbi_char_offset":15334,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p17","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":3,"claim":"md12973-d125952f","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"90-day NPA test","plain_english":"A term loan becomes an NPA if interest or principal is overdue for more than 90 days.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 29(1)","rbi_char_offset":16630,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p18","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":4,"claim":"md12973-6cb66962","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHO SHOULD ACT","heading":"Build an early warning system","plain_english":"A management system must catch signs of distress early, account by account.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 21","rbi_char_offset":13422,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Technology","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p19","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":5,"claim":"md12973-7bd1c495","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Flag at day end","plain_english":"An account must be flagged overdue in the day-end run for its due date.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 23","rbi_char_offset":14284,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p20","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":6,"claim":"md12973-9115c871","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Objective tests only","plain_english":"Bad loan grading must follow objective tests so the norms are applied alike.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 25","rbi_char_offset":15589,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p21","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":7,"claim":"md12973-71a35acb","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHO SHOULD ACT","heading":"Prove a real cure","plain_english":"Where an account is said to be cured, satisfactory evidence must go to the auditors.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 36","rbi_char_offset":20025,"weight":"DO IT","role":"Audit","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p22","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":8,"claim":"md12973-3f561084","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"The calendar date rules","plain_english":"The SMA or bad loan date is the calendar date of the day-end run.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 24","rbi_char_offset":14580,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p23","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":9,"claim":"md12973-7a60676f","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Borrower-level classification","plain_english":"If one loan turns bad, all the borrower's facilities are classified as NPA.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 31","rbi_char_offset":18860,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p24","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":10,"claim":"md12973-54e1df1c","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"THE CORE IDEA","heading":"Security does not save it","plain_english":"Security or the borrower's net worth does not stop an advance being called bad.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 33","rbi_char_offset":19415,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p25","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":11,"claim":"md12973-16edb2d5","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Letter of credit bills apart","plain_english":"A bill discounted under a letter of credit need not turn bad with the rest.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 37","rbi_char_offset":20257,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":["trade-finance","working-capital"],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p26","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":12,"claim":"md12973-c8f15cf1","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Derivative dues pull the rest","plain_english":"Where a derivative overdue turns bad, every funded facility of that client turns bad.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 39(1)","rbi_char_offset":21016,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p27","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":13,"claim":"md12973-43866065","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Consortium goes by own record","plain_english":"In a consortium each member grades the account on its own record of recovery.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 40(1)","rbi_char_offset":21356,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"Branch","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p28","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":14,"claim":"md12973-be165248","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"State guarantee does not save","plain_english":"A State guaranteed advance still turns bad once dues stay overdue.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 44(3)","rbi_char_offset":26640,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p29","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":15,"claim":"md12973-251e23c4","page_group":"Chapter III. Asset Classification","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Plan sets the later grade","plain_english":"After a resolution plan is put in place, later grading follows these Directions.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 47(3)","rbi_char_offset":29005,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p30","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":1,"claim":"md12973-57fd3eda","page_group":"Chapter IV. Provisioning Norms","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Standard asset provisioning","plain_english":"All India financial institutions must set aside up to 1 percent for standard assets, depending on the sector.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 65(2)","rbi_char_offset":35648,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":["commercial-real-estate","housing-loan"],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p31","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":2,"claim":"md12973-5121f50f","page_group":"Chapter IV. Provisioning Norms","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Rising secured provisioning","plain_english":"Provisioning on the secured part of doubtful loans rises from 25 percent to 100 percent over time.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 75","rbi_char_offset":40277,"weight":"MUST KNOW","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p32","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":3,"claim":"md12973-5d7acda6","page_group":"Chapter IV. Provisioning Norms","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Writing off loss assets","plain_english":"All India financial institutions should write off loss assets completely.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 78","rbi_char_offset":41238,"weight":"DO IT","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p33","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":4,"claim":"md12973-198796f4","page_group":"Chapter IV. Provisioning Norms","stored_section":"WHAT CHANGES","heading":"Full provision alternative","plain_english":"If a loss asset stays on the books, all India financial institutions must fully provide for it.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 79","rbi_char_offset":41275,"weight":"DO IT","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p34","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":1,"claim":"md12973-495dfdc4","page_group":"Chapter VI. Repeal and Other Provisions","stored_section":"WHAT IT REPLACES","heading":"Older rules cancelled","plain_english":"This document cancels the older income recognition and provisioning rules for Commercial Banks.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 121","rbi_char_offset":61351,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p35","layer":"bankpulse"},{"n":2,"claim":"md12973-30fee77a","page_group":"Chapter VI. Repeal and Other Provisions","stored_section":"WHAT IT REPLACES","heading":"Old cases continue","plain_english":"Penalties and legal cases already started under the old rules still continue.","rbi_paragraph":"Para 122","rbi_char_offset":61849,"weight":"BACKGROUND","role":"All staff","team":null,"products_covered":[],"products_excluded":[],"bankpulse_example":null,"anchor":"https://bankpulse.ai/rule/md12973#p36","layer":"bankpulse"}],"actions":[],"amendments":[{"id":"nt13439","title":"Reserve Bank of India (All India Financial Institutions – Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning) Amendment Directions, 2026","date":"Apr 29, 2026","rbi_url":"https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=13439&Mode=0","order":1,"layer":"rbi_source"},{"id":"nt13576","title":"Reserve Bank of India (All India Financial Institutions – Income Recognition, Asset Classification and Provisioning) Second Amendment Directions, 2026","date":"Jul 16, 2026","rbi_url":"https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=13576&Mode=0","order":2,"layer":"rbi_source"}],"layers":{"rbi_source":"Facts taken from RBI's own document.","bankpulse":"BankPulse's plain-English summary of RBI's document.","bankpulse_inference":"BankPulse's own inference, not stated by RBI."},"rbi_wording_not_included":"By design. BankPulse never republishes RBI's exact sentences. Use rbi_paragraph with rbi_source.url to read RBI's own words.","terms":"BankPulse's plain-English summaries are BankPulse's own work. The underlying regulation is the Reserve Bank of India's. Always check the RBI document named in rbi_source before acting."}