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Master Direction · Reserve Bank of India

Master Direction – Opening and Maintenance of Rupee/Foreign Currency Vostro Accounts of Non-resident Exchange Houses (Updated as on December 22, 2022)

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The four dates on this rule

At a glanceThis rulebook covers how banks run vostro accounts for non-resident exchange houses. Only AD Category-I banks may open Rupee or foreign currency vostro accounts for exchange houses.

Official RBI page

Numbers to remember

Rs.15,00,000Trade transactions through these accounts are capped at Rs.15,00,000 each. RBI Para 3
five daysUnder the DDA procedure, funds may sit for at most five days before transfer. RBI Para 4
three monthsA draft drawn by an exchange house is valid for only three months. RBI Para 4
three yearsAn exchange house under three years old must give collateral worth 7 days' drawings. RBI Para 4
six monthsBanks must inspect each exchange house's vostro account every six months. RBI Para 8

What it says

Must know

1. What this document covers

This rulebook covers how banks run vostro accounts for non-resident exchange houses.

2. Twenty arrangements trigger an audit

Once a bank reaches twenty such arrangements, it must get an external audit of its systems.

3. Board must approve more arrangements

Based on a satisfactory audit, the bank's Board may approve more such arrangements.

4. Which banks may open these

Only AD Category-I banks may open Rupee or foreign currency vostro accounts for exchange houses.

5. Trade payments capped

Trade transactions through these accounts are capped at Rs.15,00,000 each.

BankPulse example. A customer wants to send Rs.18,00,000 through an exchange house for a trade payment. Only Rs.15,00,000 of it may go through this account; the rest needs a different channel.

6. No overdrafts on these accounts

These accounts must run on credit only, with no overdraft allowed.

7. One vostro account per arrangement

Each arrangement needs its own separate Rupee vostro account.

8. Funds cannot move elsewhere

Funds in these accounts cannot convert or transfer to other banks or accounts.

9. 300 drawee branches allowed

A cap of 300 drawee branches applies unless online monitoring is in place.

10. No donations through exchange houses

Donations to charities may never be routed through exchange houses.

11. No cash payouts allowed

Cash disbursement of remittances received under these arrangements is never allowed.

12. Receiving bank must complete KYC

The receiving bank must complete KYC checks before crediting a non-KYC account.

13. Transfers must be flagged

A sending bank must flag direct account transfers as foreign inward remittances.

14. Suspicious transfers go to FIU-IND

The receiving bank must report suspicious transfers to FIU-IND, naming the sending bank.

15. DDA float capped

Under the DDA procedure, funds may sit for at most five days before transfer.

16. Drafts valid for three months

A draft drawn by an exchange house is valid for only three months.

17. Newer houses need more collateral

An exchange house under three years old must give collateral worth 7 days' drawings.

18. Every tie-up needs RBI approval

Each foreign currency tie-up with an exchange house needs its own RBI approval.

19. No C-category branch drafts

Exchange houses may not draw drafts on C-category branches.

20. Separate foreign currency vostro account

A separate foreign currency vostro account is needed for these drafts.

21. Minimum deposit is USD 50,000

Exchange houses must keep a deposit of at least USD 50,000 with the bank.

22. Annual compliance report required

Banks must get an annual compliance report from each exchange house's auditors.

23. Unusual features go to RBI

Unusual features in these arrangements must be reported to RBI at once.

24. No outside back-office providers

Exchange houses cannot use outside firms to issue drafts or stop-payment orders.

25. Name change needs RBI approval

RBI approval is needed if an exchange house changes its name or constitution.

26. Half-yearly self-inspection required

Banks must inspect each exchange house's vostro account every six months.

27. Board reviews findings every year

Inspection findings must go into the annual review sent to the Board.

Do it

1. First arrangement needs RBI approval

A bank must apply to its RBI regional office before its first arrangement with an exchange house.

2. Board approval past 300 branches

Banks need Board approval before adding drawee branches beyond 300.

3. NRE accounts may be credited

Payments to NRE Rupee accounts of NRIs are permitted through this route.

4. School fees may be paid

School and college fees for NRIs in India may be paid through these accounts.

5. Hospital bills may be paid

Hospital bills for NRIs and FATF-country nationals in India may be paid this way.

6. Utility bills may be paid

Electricity, water and internet bills in India may be paid through these accounts.

7. Loan EMIs may be paid

Loan EMI payments to Indian banks and finance companies are permitted this way.

8. Non-DDA needs weekly statements

Under Non-DDA, the exchange house sends weekly statements of drawing and funding.

9. Speed remittance uses SWIFT details

Under speed remittance, the exchange house sends payment details by SWIFT or internet.

10. Deposit reviewed every six months

The bank must review deposit adequacy every six months.

Background

1. Balances earn no interest

Money sitting in these vostro accounts earns no interest.

Where to go next